The Armenian language is regarded as an independent branch of the Indo-European language groups. It is spoken by approximately seven million people, of which about three million live in Armenia.
From a historical perspective, the Armenian language developed from Old Armenian, also known as “Grabar”. It was used as a written language from the 5th–11th centuries – first for the translation of the Bible and as a scholarly language into the 19th century. The spoken language continued to evolve into Middle Armenian until the 17th century and subsequently into Modern Armenian. Two written languages developed from various dialects in the 19th century: Use of Eastern Armenian, called “Ashkharhabar”, spread mainly in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, Iran and India; Western Armenian is spoken predominantly in Turkey, the Middle East, Europe and the USA.
In terms of phonology, Armenian hardly has anything in common with the Indo-Germanic languages. The extensive case system with its seven cases was preserved. The language has no gender and the simplified verb forms are formed using auxiliary verbs. The word order in a sentence follows the “subject – predicate – object” rule. The vocabulary contains numerous Iranian, Syrian, Greek, Arabic, French and Turkish loanwords. Armenian is spoken with many occlusive and fricative sounds; there are 26 consonants that can be combined in different ways. Armenian is written in its own alphabet comprising 39 letters and was originally devised by a monk back in the 5th century.
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